What term describes abstract patterns of living and dying identifiable across all cultures?

The correct term is Cultural Universals. This concept refers to patterns of behavior, practices, and beliefs that are common across all human cultures, regardless of location or historical context. These can include aspects related to rites of passage, rituals surrounding birth and death, family structure, and social norms regarding mourning and remembrance.

Cultural universals encompass a wide range of social practices, including those related to living and dying. They highlight the shared human experience and underscore the idea that while cultures may differ in specific customs and traditions, there are overarching themes that connect people across societies. This term is particularly relevant in the study of funeral service education, as it helps to understand how various cultures approach death and the practices that arise from those beliefs.

In contrast, social customs refer more specifically to established societal norms and practices within a particular culture, which may not apply universally. Traditions are the specific customs or practices that are passed down through generations but may vary significantly between different cultural groups. Universal laws suggest a principle that applies everywhere without exception but do not specifically address the social and cultural aspects of living and dying.