What was the role of layers out of dead in U.S. cities by the late 18th century?

Layers out of dead played a crucial role in the care and preparation of deceased individuals by the late 18th century in U.S. cities. Their primary responsibility involved washing and dressing the body, ensuring that the deceased were presented appropriately for burial or viewing. This practice reflected societal norms and the respect afforded to individuals after death, as proper preparation was essential for honoring the deceased during funerals.

The other choices offered do not align with the primary function of layers out of dead during this historical period. While designing coffins and preparing funeral services were important aspects of the funeral process, these tasks were typically handled by skilled tradespeople or funeral professionals rather than layers out of dead, who focused on the immediate care of the body itself. Conducting astro-pathology is also not relevant to the traditional duties associated with handling deceased individuals, as this term refers to a specialized area of study that is not concerned with the direct preparation or care of the dead.