Which Egyptian god is known as the judge of the dead and rules the underworld?

Osiris is recognized in ancient Egyptian mythology as the god who presides over the afterlife, ruling the underworld, also known as Duat. He is widely regarded as the judge of the dead, overseeing the weighing of the hearts ceremony, where the souls of the deceased are judged based on their deeds during their lifetime. This process determines whether they are granted eternal life or face punishment. Osiris embodies resurrection and eternal life, which is central to the beliefs surrounding death and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian culture.

In contrast, Marcello Malpigi was a notable Italian anatomist and does not relate to Egyptian mythology. Libitina is a Roman goddess associated with funerary rites, while Frederick Ruysch was a Dutch anatomist famous for his work on embalming - neither of which pertain to the Egyptian context of deities and the afterlife. Therefore, Osiris stands out as the appropriate choice for being the judge of the dead and the ruler of the underworld in this context.