Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of grief according to Eric Lindemann?

In the context of Eric Lindemann's work on grief, joyful memories are not considered a characteristic of grieving. Lindemann posited that grief typically encompasses various responses, including somatic distress (physical symptoms related to emotional pain), hostile reactions (negative emotional responses), and preoccupation with images of the deceased (a focus on memories and thoughts about the lost loved one).

The presence of joyful memories may occur as part of the grieving process; however, they are not characteristic of the grief response itself as defined by Lindemann. Instead, the emotional landscape of grief is often dominated by feelings of sadness, longing, and distress rather than joy. Consequently, while experiencing happy memories can be a part of the healing journey, they do not fit within Lindemann’s framework of immediate grief symptoms.